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Political Thinking, Political Theory, And Civil Society
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Book : Political Thinking, Political Theory, And Civil Society Author : * Steven M.DeLue Language : English Library : Social Policy Publish Place : U.S.A. ISBN : 0-205-16487-0 Publish Date : January 1997 Publisher : Allyn and Bacon Book Type : Book Book Number : 2104 |
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INDEX
CONTENTSPreface xiii
Introduction 1
/. Political Thinking and Political Theory 1
II. The Link Between Political Theory and Political Thinking
HI. Socrates of the Apology and the Crito 3
IV. The Rest of the Book 6
PART I Classical, Christian, and Machiavellian Approaches
1 The Importance of a Civil Society 13
/. Civil Society: The Problem Faced 13
II. The Democratic Civil Society 15
III. Civil Society of Mediating Groups 16
IV. Civil Society: The Liberal Solution 17
V. Liberal Civil Society: The Justification 18
VI. The Civic Virtues of Toleration and Mutual Respect 19
VII. The Market Dimension of Civil Society: Adam Smith's Dilemma 21
VIII. The Importance of Civil Society 25
Endnotes 25
Partial Bibliography and Further Reading 26
2 Plato: Civic Virtue and the Just Society 27
/. Introduction 27
II. Plato's Republic: What Justice Is Not: Cephalus and Polemarchus 29
///. What Justice Is Not: Thrasymachus 30
IV. The Next Question: What Is Justice? 32
V. The Basic Dimensions of Society 33
VI. The Guardians and the Three Parts of the Soul 34
VII. The Philosopher as King 37
VIII. Justice, Civic Virtue, and the Noble Lie 38
IX. Democracy and Injustice 41
X Plato and Civil Society 43
Endnotes 45
Partial Bibliography and Further Reading 46
Aristotle's Response to Plato: The Importance of Friendship 47
/. Introduction 47
II. Scientific Knowledge and Practical Intelligence 48
III. Aristotle on Plato's Forms and the Search for Happiness 50
IV. The Nature of the Polis 52
V. Citizenship and Friendship 54
VI. Slavery and Friendship 56
VII. Citizenship and Differentials in Contribution 57
VIII. Family and Private Property 58
IX. Constitutions: Just and Unjust 59
X. Democracy and Public Deliberation 62 XL Aristotle and Civil Society 64 Endnotes 65 Partial Bibliography and Further Reading 67
Christian Conceptions of Civic Virtue 68
/. Introduction 68
II. Introduction to Augustine 68
III. The Problem of Sin 70
IV. The Two Cities: The Earthly City and the Heavenly City 71
V. Implications of Augustine's View for Civic Virtue and
Civil Society 72
VI. St. Thomas Aquinas: Justice Restored 74
VII. The Natural Law in Aquinas 75
VIII. Human Law and Civic Virtue 78
IX. Aquinas on the Question of Civic Virtue and Civil Society 79
X. Luther and Calvin: An Introduction 80
XL Luther and Calvin: Morality and Civic Virtue 81
XII. The State and Intellectual Freedom in Luther and Calvin 82
XIII. The Implications for Civic Virtue and Civil Society 83
XIV. Transition to Machiavelli 84
Endnotes 85
Partial Bibliography and Further Reading 87
5 Niccolo Machiavelli: Civic Virtue and Civil Society 88
/. Historical Setting and Introduction 88 II. The Prince 90
A. Monarchy 90
B. Innovation through Violence 91
C. Techniques of Power: Maintaining Appearances 93 ///. The Discourses and Republican Forms 95
IV. Mandragola 100
V. The Moral of Mandragola and Civil Society 101
Endnotes 102
Partial Bibliography and Further Reading 103
PART II Modern and Contemporary Approaches to Civil Society
6 Thomas Hobbes and Modern Civil Society 107
/. Historical Context 107 II. Hobbes's Method 108 , HI. Hobbes and the State of Nature 109
IV. Hobbes's Civil Society: The Laws of Nature and Civic Virtue 112
V. The Role and Structure of the State 115
VI. The Christian Commonwealth 118
VII. Response and Rejoinder 120
Endnotes 122
Partial Bibliography and Further Reading 123
7 John Locke, Civil Society, and the Constrained Majority 124
/. Introduction 124
II. The Concept of Political Authority 125
III. The State of Nature I: Justification for Political Authority 126
IV. The State of Nature II: Constraints for Freedom 127
V. The Nature of Civil Society and Constrained Majority Rule 130
VI. Locke's Limited Government 134
VII. The Right of Revolution 136
VIII. Toleration and Civil Society 136
IX. Response and Rejoinder 139
Endnotes 140
Partial Bibliography and Further Reading 141
8 Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Community and Civil Society 143
/. Introduction 143
II. Selfishness and Self-Love 145
III. The Second Discourse: Origin of Inequality among Men 146
IV. The Loss of Civic Virtue 149
V. The New Social Contract and the New Civil Society 150
VI. Rousseau's Threat to Civil Society 155
VII. Response and Rejoinder 158
Endnotes 160
Partial Bibliography and Further Reading 161
9 Kant: Civil Society and International Order 163
I. Public Reason 163
II. The Process of Practical Reason 165 HI. Kant's Civil Society 167
IV. Nature's Secret Plan 169
V. The New World Order: A Federation of Civil Societies 170
VI. Public Reason and Civil Society 172
VII. Response and Rejoinder 174
Endnotes 177
Partial Bibliography and Further Reading 178
10 Hegel: Civil Society and the State 179
I. Introduction 179
II. Phenomenology of Spirit 180
III. Civil Society 182
IV. The State and Civic Virtue 185
V. Response and Rejoinder 191
Endnotes 194
Partial Bibliography and Further Reading 195
11 John Stuart Mill: Civil Society as a Higher Calling 196
/. Mill's Perfected Civil Society 196
II. Mill and Bentham and the Principle of Utility 197
A. Bentham's Pleasure Calculus 197
B. Utility, Justice, and Rights 199 ///. On Liberty: The Culture of Civil Society 200
A. Well-Developed Persons 200
B. Opinion Advocacy and Civic Virtue 202
C. Self-Regarding Conduct 203
IV. The Stationary Economy and Private Property 204
V. On Representative Government 207
VI. Response and Rejoinder 209
Endnotes 211
Partial Bibliography and Further Reading 212
12 John Rawls: The Just and Fair Civil Society 213
/. Introduction 213
II. Rawls's Principles of Justice in A Theory of Justice 214
HI. The Well-Ordered Society 217
IV. Political Liberalism and Value Pluralism 217
V. The Overlapping Consensus and Civic Virtue 221
VI. Public Reason and Constitutional Essentials 222
VII. Civil Society and Political Liberalism 225
VIII. Response and Rejoinder 227
IX . Transition to Conservatives: The Communitarian Critique
of Rawls 229 Endnotes 232 Partial Bibliography and Further Reading 233
13 The Conservative View: Burke, Tocqueville, and Oakeshott 234
/. Introduction 234
II. Edmund Burke: The Purpose of Civil Society 236
III. The Natural Aristocracy 239
IV. The Role of Virtue: The Importance of Moderation 240
V. Local Affiliations and Religion 241
VI. Identity and Civic Virtue in Burke 242
VII. Alexis de Tocqueville and the Commitment to Equality 242
VIII. The Passion for Equality 243
IX. Voluntary Associations and Local Government 244
X. Materialism and Religion 245
XI. Threats to Civil Society 246
XII. Tocqueville, Identity, and Civic Virtue 248
XIII. Introduction: Michael Oakeshott and Civil Society 248
XIV. Oakeshott's Free Agent 249
XV. Civitas Versus Universitas 249
XVI. Civitas, Politics, and Government 250
XVII. Response and Rejoinder 254
Endnotes 256
Partial Bibliography and Further Reading 258
PART III Critiques of Civil Society
14 The Marxist Critique of Civil Society 263
I. Marx's Reaction to Hegel 263
II. Political Emancipation: Rights in Civil Society 265
III. Modern Alienation 267
IV. The Norms of Alienated Life 269
V. Historical Context of Alienation 270
moments
VI. The Economic Argument: The Sources of Exploitation 273
VII. Crisis of Capitalism: Declining Profits 275
VIII. The New Order 275
IX. Response and Rejoinder 276
X. Max Weber and Herbert Marcuse: The Bureaucratic State 279
Endnotes 285
Partial Bibliography and Further Reading 287
15 Friedrich Nietzsche's Critique of Civil Society 288
/. Introduction 288
II. Dionysus Versus Apollo and the Quest for a New Culture 289
III. The Place of Morality 290
IV. The Master and Slave Moralities 292
V. Origin of Slave and Herd Moralities 295
VI. Democracy and Civil Society 297
VII. Politics of Bad Conscience 299
VIII. Response and Rejoinder 301
IX. Michel Foucault's Nietzschean Critique 304
Endnotes 310
Partial Bibliography and Further Reading 312
16 Feminist Responses to Civil Society 313
I. The Public and the Private 313
II. The Silencing of Women 314
III. Political Theory and the Feminist Critique: Hegel and Mill 315
IV. Pateman and Okin on Patriarchy 317
V. Okin and the Non-gendered Viewpoint: The Liberal Conception 318
VI. MacKinnons: Female Empowerment 320
VII. Elshtain: The Discourse of Justice 324
VIII. Hartsock and the Marxist, Feminist Viewpoint 326
IX. Paglia's Nietzschean Perspective 330
X. Response and Rejoinder 335
Endnotes 337
Partial Bibliography and Further Reading 339
17 Civil Society Revisited 340
/. Summary of the Main Argument 340
1. Civil Society as a Separate Sphere 340
2. Civic Virtue 343
3. Mutual Respect 344
4. Toleration 345
5. Autonomy 345
6. The Market Experience 345
7. The Value of Civil Society: The Quest for Equality 347 //. The Future of Civil Society 348
1. Bureaucratic Roadblocks to the Future of Civil Society 348
2. Economic Roadblocks to the Future of Civil Society 352
3. Personal Roadblocks to Civil Society 354
Index 357
